Various mechanisms were reported for their biological control potential including inhibition of pathogen growth by digestive enzymes, surface-active compounds (antibiosis), antibiotics, and toxins ( Obeid et al., 2017 Khan and Javaid, 2021 Sharf et al., 2021 Esmail et al., 2023). The most common genera found in the roots, stems, and leaves of tomato plants were from the genera Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas ( Yang et al., 2020). A wide variety of endophytic bacteria have been detected in tomato ( Yang et al., 2020). Endophytic bacteria have the ability to adapt to harsh environmental conditions and could potentially be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicides ( Gómez-Lama Cabanás et al., 2014 Eljounaidi et al., 2016 Larran et al., 2016). Endophytic bacteria (i.e., bacteria that successfully colonize the interior plant tissues) can play an important role in the management of plant diseases ( Lanna-Filho et al., 2017 Sharf et al., 2021). An alternative approach for controlling EB might be the use of biological control agents (BCAs Czajkowski et al., 2011). However, limited use of synthetic fungicides would be preferred in a sustainable system in accordance with global trends toward environmentally friendly disease management ( Nashwa and Abo-Elyousr, 2012 Adhikari et al., 2017 Jabeen et al., 2021). Management of EB often relies on the repeated use of fungicides during the growing season. These lesions start as small, water-soaked spots that gradually enlarge and turn dark brown or black. As the fungus grows within the plant tissues, it causes characteristic symptoms, including the formation of small, circular to irregularly shaped lesions on the leaves, stems, and fruit. EB is caused by several species of Alternaria ( solani, tomatophila, alternata) and Curvularia lunata ( Iftikhar et al., 2016 Adhikari et al., 2017 AbdElfatah et al., 2021). The disease is particularly problematic in regions with warm, humid climates, but it can also occur in cooler environments ( Nashwa and Abo-Elyousr, 2012). Early blight (EB) is a destructive disease of tomato and occurs wherever tomatoes are grown ( Sallam, 2011). Tomatoes are one of the main fruits eaten as vegetables around the world, with production of 189 tons worldwide in 2021 ( FAOSTAT, 2022). cloacae can be considered a promising biocontrol agent for preventing tomato early blight. Our study concluded that the endophytic bacterial isolate E. cloacae while it reached the maximum after five days from the inoculation with A. The expression of the gene increased substantially and significantly after three days from the inoculation-infected plants with C. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression pattern of the defense response gene β-1.3 glucanase gene in infected tomato plants with pathogenic fungi (control) as well as its relations with efficient biocontrol agent ( E. cloacae and its culture filtrate compared to other treatments. Under greenhouse conditions, the least disease severity of tomato early blight was found for E. In all culture filtrates, phenolic compounds showed the largest peak area. The lowest dry weights of pathogenic isolates in all bacterial culture filtrates were discovered at 60%. Different concentrations of bacterial cultural diltrates at 20, 40, and 60% were tested for their antagonistic effects on the development of pathogenic fungi in vitro. The three isolates were recognized as Enterobacter cloacae HS-6 (B4), Pseudomonas gessardii HS-5 (B 7), and Pseudomonas mediterranea HS-4 (B17) using 16s-rDNA sequencing. Out of the 20 tested isolates, three (B4, B7, and B17) were considered effective isolates against the growth of fungal pathogens. In this work, twenty endophytic bacterial isolates from tomato healthy plants were tested against pathogenic fungal isolates that caused early blight disease in vitro. Endophytic bacteria are microorganisms that live inside plant tissues without causing harm and can help protect the host plant from pathogens. 5Department Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, GermanyĬontrolling early blight of tomatoes using endophytic bacteria is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to manage this common fungal disease caused by Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata, and Curvularia lunata.4Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.3Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.2Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.1Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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